Breakdown Voltage - On the basis of the analysis results we can assume if oil contains emulsified water, over-saturated gas or conductive impurities. It does not indicate the stage of operation ageing.

Neutralization Value - Considering new oil we can assess refining degree. If we consider oil used in operation we can find out the stage of operation ageing. It does not reliably set the beginning of ageing. We carry out the process even at very dark oil because we use the coulometric method.

Dissipation Factor - Loss factor indicates presence of polar and ion substances in oil. Therefore, it indicates oil ageing. Heat dependency (tg d) may indicate presence of foreign soluble matter in oil.

Resistivity - Resistivity indicates foreign matter of conductive character (including water) present in oil.

Relative Permitivity - This factor provides rough information on oil ageing degree, but not moistening.

Ageing Factor - determines the quality of new oil. Considering operation it serves to define the ageing degree. Wermann number (Z2) modification is taken into consideration.

Refraction Index - The absolute value depends on the sort of oil and amount of impurities. It is used for ageing factor calculation.

Interfacial Tension of oil against water - serves for new oil quality assessment. Considering operation it serves to define the ageing degree. It reacts sensitively onto soluble sediments creation.

Density - represents a quality factor considering both new and used oil. It is essential for surface tension calculation.

Water Content in Oil - Direct assessment of oil moistening, or oil - paper system. Measuring is carried out by coulometric method.

Oxidation Inhibitor Content - Considering new oil it is used for verification of declared quality. In operation it serves mainly to define the time of changes in ageing kinetics of inhibited oil.

Foreign Particles - Foreign particles may influence mainly the value of breakdown voltage. Knowledge of their number and size may help to indicate the way of oil depreciation (for example by: ash, pump friction products) and potential oil filtration.

Appearance - Appearance represents the main factor determining insulation condition assessment.

Presence of Soluble Sediments - Sediments presence resulting from the high degree of operation ageing indicate creation of insoluble oil sediments which inevitably depreciate oil - paper insulation system.

Content of Aromatic Hydrocarbons - Content of aromatic hydrocarbons has got impact mainly on oil gas resistance during stress.

Ca/Cn/Cp Ratio - The ratio of aromatic, naphthenic and paraffin hydrocarbons impacts mainly the process of oil ageing.

Kinematic Viscosity - represents a quality factor determining especially the cooling ability of insulation oil.

Ageing Products - consist of macromolecular substances spectroscopically determined in the range of 171 mm-1 wave number. They are typical of oil oxidant ageing.

Spectral Analysis - This method is essential for finding out if newly delivered oil meets testing standards, especially according to oil oxidant stability in operation.

Flash Point - represents a quality factor determining the quality of both new and used oil.

Sediments Quantity - information significant for the selection of insulation oil regeneration regime (oil - paper system).

PCB Substances Content - PCB substances content is strictly limited for both new and used oil. Testimonials are requested especially when used oil is purchased.

Miscibility Tests - The tests are essential especially if mixing of two different oil types are taken into consideration.

Water Extract Reaction - is used to indicate acid or alkaline substances in oil.

Metal Ions Determination - information significant for the selection of insulation oil regeneration regime (oil - paper system), used oil purchase or when we try to find out the reason for accelerated ageing of insulation oil or solid insulation.

Oxidation Stability - Accelerated durability test used for insulation oil durability determination in operation (designed for new oil). It is suitable for comparison of durability of various oil types.

Oxidation Stability according to Baader - fast, standardized test designed for determination of new oil oxidation stability.

Oxidation Stability according to IEC 1125 - standardized test designed for determination of new oil oxidant stability.

Oil Residual Durability - determination of used oil residual durability (until creation of soluble sediments) enables to optimize the term of oil replacement or oil modification.

Used Oil Analysis - testimonial on used oil designed for purchasing organizations in the range of: viscosity, flash point, content of water and impurities, PCB substances and density.



II. Thermal and Electric Defects Detection in Machines filled with Oil

Total Gas Content in Oil - Considering new machines this factor impacts assessment of degasification of the insulation system of the machine. Considering hermetic machines it verifies the sealing effectiveness. It represents factor significant for detection of kinetics of the thermal defect (fast or slow process) if we take machines with thermal defects into consideration.

Chromatographic Analysis of Gases Dissolved in Oil - method used for determination of thermal and electric defects in machines filled with oil. It enables to detect the defect location, intensity of the process and kinetics of development (that means the rate of risk taken during consequent operation of the machine).

Chromatographic Analysis of Gases from Gas Relay - method used for determination of thermal defects in machines filled with oil during Bucholz gas relay operation. Gas from both relay and oil from container (or switch) is needed.



III. Analysis of Solid Insulation Based on Cellulose

Determination of Average Polymeric Degree - Determination of average polymeric degree may reliably determine the quality of new insulation and its wear in operation. It represents an essential test when repairing old machines. It reduces expense on the repair.

Determination of Water Content in Solid Insulation - is an important test when repairing machines or setting the optimal drying regime etc. This is carried out to test paper moistening of new machines transferred without oil filling.



IV. Measurement of Electric Machines Insulation Characteristics

Measurement of non-rotary electric machines insulation characteristics (measurement of loss factor, capacities, insulation resistance, polarization index calculation, non-temporal constants in various connections of measured winding) is to detect the operation ageing degree, insulation systems moisturizing and to detect defect creation location in each section of insulation systems.

Measurement of Transformers Insulation Characteristics:

• high/low voltage machines (distribution transformers)
• high/low voltage machines
• high/extra-high voltage machines or high/extra-high voltage machines (double-winding)
• high/extra-high voltage machines or high/extra-high voltage machines (triple-winding)
• high/extra-high voltage machines or high/extra-high voltage machines (block and triple-winding)
• insulation characteristics measurement of high/extra-high voltage chokes
• insulation characteristics measurement of condenser bushings off the machine (up to 6 pieces)
• insulation characteristics measurement of condenser bushing fixed to the machine
• insulation characteristics measurement of extra-high voltage transformers (on condition that insulation oil is taken off at the same time)
• insulation characteristics measurement of extra-high voltage appliance transformers (without insulation oil being taken off)

V. Short-circuit Impedance Measurement under Reduced Voltage

The assessment of short-circuit impedance changes enables to detect potential winding deformations. The maximum of method response deals with radical deformation (considering the length of 100 mm there is a possibility to indicate local perimeter of 10 - 30 mm). Considering axial deformations the response is low.

Note: If the short-circuit impedance measurement is carried out within the range of insulation characteristics measurement (paragraph 4), we can provide you with 20% discount.



VI. Determination of Residual Electric Resistance of Rotary Machines Stator Winding (Alternators and High-Voltage Electric Motors)

Functionality diagnostics of rotary electric machines stator insulation is carried out on each phase on the basis of leakage current measurement implemented in highly stabilized direct-current voltage. The result equals to average value of breakdown voltage and its scattering with 95% probability. This value in relation to operation voltage may enable operators to decide on next operational use or stator re-winding.

All tests result in making "The Diagnostics Record" which contains all measured and calculated values, assessment and ,if needed, recommendation on subsequent trouble-free operation of the tested machine.